Hona joale ho se molaong ho fana ka mehlape ea likokoana-hloko hore e be boima ba 'mele
Lilemong tsa bo-1950, lihoai li ile tsa etsa lipapatso tse fetohang lipapali: Liphoofolo tse phetseng hantle tse fuoeng lithibela-mafu li ile tsa e-ba boima. Le hoja boima ba 'mele bo fumanoa-hoo e ka bang karolo ea boraro lekholong-bo ka' na ba bonahala eka ha bo na thuso, khoebong e khōlō hohle moo ho nang le boima ba 'mele, esita le phaello ea boima ba lik'hilograma tse seng kae ka khomo e ka bolela liranta tse limilione tse mashome.
Ka 1995, FDA e lumeletse ho eketsoa ha lithibela-mafu ho fepa le liphoofolo tsa liphoofolo.
Ho tloha ka nako eo, re bone ho eketseha ho tsotehang ha ho ata ha libaktheria tse sa thibeleng lithethefatsi (lithibela-mafu khanyetso). Ka mohlala, karolo ea 20 lekholong ea nama eohle e na le salmonella e sa sebeliseng lithethefatsi. Batho ba bangata ba qotsitse ts'oaetso ena e ntseng e eketseha e le ho letsetsa ho thibela mokhoa oa ho fana ka lithibela-mafu tse phetseng hantle. Ka la 3 January, 2017, qetellong e ile ea e-ba molaong oa ho fana ka lithibela-mafu ho likhomo e le hore feela morero oa ho fumana boima (e leng ho se sebelisoe ka lehare).
Lebaka Leo ka lona Liphoofolo li Fuoang Likokoana-hloko
Le hoja palo e tobileng e thata ho e lekanya, ho hakanngoa hore selemo le selemo ho na le li-antibiotics tse pakeng tsa limilione tse 15 le tse 17. Lipotla tse ling tsa tekanyetso palo ea likarolo tse 18 tsa lik'hilograma tse limilione tse 22.7 tsa lithibela-mafu tse hlahisoang United States ka selemo.
Liphoofolo tsa liphoofolo li fuoa lithibela-mafu ka mabaka a mane:
- Therapeutic e sebelisa: ho phekola liphoofolo tse kulang
- Metaphylaxis: Ha phoofolo e 'ngoe mohlapeng kapa mohlapeng e kula' me liphoofolo tsohle li fuoa phekolo ea nakoana e thibelang mafu
- Prophylaxis: ho thibela maloetse hore a se ke a hlaha liphoofolong
- Tšebeliso ea likokoana-hloko e sebelisa : moo lithibela-mafu li sebelisetsoang ho boima kapa boleng bo ntlafetseng ba liphoofolo
Ka linako tse ling lihoai li lokela ho fa liphoofolo tsa bona lithibela-mafu bakeng sa phekolo kapa ha tšoaetso e matla e sokela mohlape le polasi. Tsamaiso e joalo ke nako e khutšoanyane mme e rerile ho loantša tšoaetso e se e hlahile kapa e jala.
Leha ho le joalo, mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa prophylactic kapa subtherapeutic oa lithibela-mafu pakeng tsa liphoofolo ke likhang haholo.
Likotsi tsa Tsamaiso ea Likokoana-hloko Lihlahisoa
Ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho sebelisa lithibela-mafu liphoofolong, re bone bump palo ea likokoana-hloko tse sa thibeleng likokoana-hloko ho batho bohle. Ka mohlala, le hoja hangata ho ne ho sa tloaelehe ho hanyetsoa ha fluoroquinolone ka mor'a hore FDA e lumelle balemi hore ba behe fluoroquinolone joaloka Baytril lijong tsa liphoofolo le metsi. (Hona joale, molao oa muso o thibela tšebeliso ea extralabel ea Baytril ka mantsoe a mang, lithethefatsi tsena li ka sebelisoa feela ho phekola tšoaetso liphoofolong.)
Bafuputsi ba lumela hore lithibela-mafu tse fuoang liphoofolo tse fokolang kapa tse ka tlaase ho naha li bolaea limela tse tloaelehileng tsa baktheria. Ka ho bolaea limela tsena tse tloaelehileng, liphoofolo li ka cheka lijo tsa tsona hantle, ho fokotsa lijo tse fokolang ho li fepa, 'me ho se ke ha e-ba le litšila tse fokolang. Leha ho le joalo, likokoana-hloko tse ling tse sa thibeleng lithethefatsi li khona ho phela lihlaselong tsa lithibela-mafu 'me li kene ka har'a lijo. Ha batho ba ja lijo tse phehiloeng hampe, libaktheria tsena li ama batho. Ho feta moo, liphuputso tse ling li bontša hore bahlokomeli ba liphoofolo tsena ba ka tšoaetsoa ke libaktheria tsena tse sa thibeleng lithethefatsi ka ho ama likhomo feela.
Meriana ea lithibela-mafu ke bothata bo boholo ba bophelo ba sechaba. Ho ea ka Landers le bangoli ba li-co-author, ho na le "ho tsebahala ho eketsehileng hore lithibela-mafu tse sebelisang liphoofolong tsa lijo ke tlatsetso ea bohlokoa ho mafu a batho a nang le libaktheria tse sa thibeleng likokoana-hloko."
Le hoja tsamaiso ea likokoana-hloko ea kokoana-hloko ea likokoana-hloko ea liphoofolo tse ruuoang ka bongata e tlatsetsa ho ata ha limela tsa salmonella, E. coli, joalo-joalo bathong, bopaki ba sebele ba hore ho ata ha li-superbugs ho lebisitse maloetse ho hang. Ho feta moo, ho ata ha libaktheria tse sa thibeleng lithethefatsi ha ho bolele feela hore li sebelisoa ke likokoana-hloko tse sebelisoang feela.
Mokhoa o sebelisoang hampe oa likokoana-hloko le ho hatelloa holimo ho boetse ho tlatsetsa bothateng. Hape hammoho le litemoso tsa litšenyehelo tse eketsehileng tse bakoang ke ho khaotsa ho tsamaisa lithibela-mafu, lihlahisoa tsa nama li boetse li qotsa mabaka ana a mang molemong oa bona oa ho boloka mokhoa ona.
Ke eng e sebelisang hampe khahlanong le lithibela-mafu ka FDA?
Lobbies ke matla a matla. 'Nete ena e kenyelelitsoe le taba ea hore pholisi e mengata ea sechaba e thehiloe ho maikutlo a litsebi le tumellano e entse hore tsela ea ho fetola e telele. Leha ho le joalo, ka 2013, FDA e khothalletsa Tataiso ea Industry # 213, kapa GFI # 213, tlhahiso ea boithatelo bakeng sa tšebeliso e nepahetseng ea lithibela-mafu liphoofolong. Ka December 2016, FDA e ile ea ntlafatsa tataiso ena. Hape ka 2016, bahlahisi ba likokoana-hloko ba liphoofolo ba ile ba lumela ho fetola kapa ho tlosa mangolo a khothalletsang ho sebelisa likokoana-hloko tsa batho ho nontša liphoofolo tse nonneng. Ka lebaka leo, ho se sebelisoe ha li-antibiotics ho liphoofolo hona joale ho seng molaong.
Ha u hetla morao, GFI # 213 e khothalletsa baetsi ba likokoana-hloko hore ba fetole likokoana-hloko ho tloha holimo ho ea ho ea ho ea lithethefatsi 'me ba hloke hore ngaka ea likokoana-hloko e tsamaise lithethefatsi tsena.Tšepo e ne e le hore lihoai li tla li sebelisa ka ho etsa lithibela-mafu li sa fumanehe habonolo ebile li laoloa ka thata. lithethefatsi feela bakeng sa maloetse le thibelo ea mafu.
Ha nako e ntse e e-ea, Elanco le Zoetis, ba babeli ba kholo ka ho fetisisa baetsi ba likokoana-hloko tsa liphoofolo, ba lumellana ho latela tataiso # 213. Ho feta moo, Tyson, Purdue le Foster Farms kaofela li ile tsa lumellana ho thibela tloaelo ea bona ea ho fana ka lithibela-mafu tse nyenyane ho lihlahisoa. Ho sa le joalo, McDonald's, Popeye le Wendy ba ne ba se ba sa batle ho reka nama ho bahlahisi ba neng ba sebelisa lithibela-mafu bakeng sa tšebeliso ea methapo ea mafu. Qetellong, bahlahisi ba lihlahisoa tsa lihlahisoa tsa likokoana-hloko ba ile ba lumela ho tlosa boitsebiso bo tsoang ho mangolo a khothalletsang ho sebelisoa ha lithibela-mafu bakeng sa ho boima ka likhomo. Qetellong, ho tšoana le Canada, linaheng tse ling tsa Europe le South Korea, mokhoa ona o se o sa lumelloe ke molao United States.
Ntho e ka tlaase
Ho eketseha ha lithibela-mafu-haholo-holo li-antibiotics tsa rona tsa ho qetela tse kang fluoroquinolone-ka letsatsi le leng ho ka bolela hore lithethefatsi tsena ha li sa tla sebetsa. Ha re sa tla hlola re sireletsoa ke meriana ea rona! Le liphoofolo tse nang le lithibela-mafu tse tšoanang tseo re li etsang, tšabo ea lithibela-mafu ha e sebetse haholo. Liphoofolo tse kang li-hogs li sebetsa ka mokhoa o phethahetseng bakeng sa khetho le tlhahiso ea likokoana-hloko tse sa thibeleng lithethefatsi. Ha e le hantle, ha libaktheria tsena li ikamahanya le liphoofolo, lihlekehlekeng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso (tse bitsoang li-integrins) hangata li fapanyetsana tse lumellanang le ho hanyetsa lithethefatsi tse ngata. Ke ts'ebetso e ntle ea hore mokhoa oa ho fana ka mehlape ea likokoana-hloko bakeng sa boima ba 'mele o thibetsoe United States hona joale.
Lisebelisoa:
Kuehn BM. FDA e fallela ho thibela li-antibiotics ho sebelisa lihlahisoa. JAMA. 2014.
Ba-Landers, TF, le al. Tlhahlobo ea Ho Sebelisa Likokoana-hloko Lijong Tsa Lijo: Pono, Leano, le Boemo. Litlaleho tsa Bophelo ba Sechaba. 2012; 127: 4-22.
Mathew AG. Ho hanyetsa likokoana-hloko ka libaktheria tse kopantsoeng le Lijo tsa Lijo: Lekala la United States le nahanang ka tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa. Likokoana-hloko le Likooa . 2007.
> Ntlafatso ho Ts'ebetsong ea Tataiso ea FDA ea Industry # 213. La 23 December, 2016. www.fda.gov.